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CRONOLOGÍA
Al-Andalus
Crisis del califato y Reinos Taifas
Invasiones Magrebíes: Almorávides y Almohades
- 622. Huida o emigración (Hégira) de Muhammad (Mahoma) a Medina. Comienzo del calendario musulmán.
- 711. Tariq b. Ziyad, lugarteniente del gobernador del norte de África Musa b. Nusayr, desembarca en Gibraltar (Yebel Tarik). Acuñación de las primeras monedas islámicas con caracteres latinos.
- 718. Batalla de Covadonga (fecha probable).
- 732. Batalla de Poitiers (en la actual Francia).
- 756. ‘Abd al-Rahman [I] b. Mu‘awiya, último superviviente de la dinastía omeya de Damasco, toma el poder como Emir de Córdoba.
- 763. Primeras emisiones monetales omeyas en al-Andalus.
- 785-6. Comienza la construcción de la primera fase de la mezquita de Córdoba.
- 788. Muere ‘Abd al-Rahman [I] y le sucede Hisham [I].
- 796. al-Hakam [I], califa.
- 818. Se pone fin a la "Revuelta del arrabal" de Córdoba. Al morir al-Hakam [I] sube al poder de ‘Abd al-Rahman [II].
- 831. Fundación de Murcia.
- 852. Muere ‘Abd al-Rahman [II] y le sucede en el emirato Muhammad [I].
- 886. Tras la muerte de Muhammad [I], Al-Mundhir toma el poder en Córdoba.
- 912. ‘Abd al-Rahman [III] sucede al difunto ‘Abd Allah al frente del emirato.
- 929. ‘Abderrahman [III] se proclama Príncipe de los Creyentes. Comienza el califato Omeya de Córdoba.
- 936. Empieza la construcción de la ciudad de Madinat al-Zahra' (Medina Azahara).
- 947-8. Se acuña moneda en Madinat al-Zahra' (Medina Azahara).
- 955. Fundación de Almería.
- 961. El califa al-Hakam [II], sucesor de ‘Abd al-Rahman [III], gran erudito, crea una biblioteca de más de cuatrocientos mil volúmenes.
- 967. Ibn Abi 'Amir (Almanzor) es nombrado jefe de la ceca ("sahib al-sikka").
- 976. Muere al-Hakam [II]. Hisham [II] le sucede en el califato.
- 978. Ibn Abi ‘Amir (Almanzor) es nombrado "hachib"(primer ministro).
- 981. Ibn Abi ‘Amir toma el sobrenombre de al-Mansur ("el victorioso")
- 997. Ibn Abi ‘Amir al-Mansur (Almanzor) lleva a cabo una campaña militar contra Santiago de Compostela.
- 1002. Muere al-Mansur (Almanzor) y le sucede en el poder su hijo ‘Abd al-Malik, siendo aún califa Hisham [II]
Crisis del califato y Reinos Taifas
-1009. Sanchuelo muere asesinado y Hisham [II] es obligado a abdicar. Muhammad b. Hisham al-Mahdi es proclamado califa. Comienzo de la guerra civil (fitna).
-1009-10. Sulayman al-Musta‘in es reconocido como califa en Córdoba, teniendo que abandonar poco después la ciudad que es tomada por al-Mahdi.
-1010. Saqueo y destrucción de Madinat al-Zahra' (Medina Azahara).
-1013. Sulayman al-Musta‘in recupera Córdoba.
-1027. Hisham [III] es proclamado califa.
- 1031. Como consecuencia de la guerra civil de Córdoba y la caída de la dinastía omeya, se van constituyendo por todo al-Andalus diversos reinos "taifas" independientes.
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- 1081. Destierro del Cid.
- 1085. Alfonso VI toma Toledo. Al-Mutamid, rey de Sevilla, pide ayuda a los Almorávides.
Invasiones Magrebíes: Almorávides y Almohades.
-1086. El ejército Almorávide cruza el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarca en Algeciras. Los cristianos son derrotados en la batalla de Sagrajas (Zallaqa).
- 1094. El Cid conquista Valencia.
- 1095. El Papa Urbano II predica la Primera Cruzada.
-1099. Muere el Cid en Valencia.
-1106. ‘Ali b. Yusuf, sube al poder como segundo emir Almorávide de al-Andalus.
-1118. Alfonso I el Batallador toma Zaragoza.
b.
- 1142. Segundas Taifas.
-1147. Los Almohades toman Sevilla.
- 1176. Comienza a construirse la gran mezquita de Sevilla.
- 1195. Los Almohades vencen a Alfonso VIII de Castilla en Alarcos.
- 1198. Muere el filósofo cordobés Averroes en Marrakech.
- 1212. Los ejércitos aliados de Castilla, Aragón y Navarra vencen a los Almohades en la batalla de las Navas de Tolosa.
-1227. Ibn Hud se proclama emir de Murcia alzándose frente a los Almohades.
- 1236. Fernando III de Castilla conquista Córdoba.
- 1237. Muhammad [I] Ibn al-Ahmar es reconocido como emir en Granada. Comienza a construirse la Alhambra.
-1238. Jaime I de Aragón conquista Valencia.
-1246. Muhammad [I] de Granada vasallo de Castilla (Tratado de Jaén).
- 1248. Fernando III de Castilla conquista Sevilla.
- 1314. Comienza la construcción del Generalife de Granada.
- 1340. Derrota de los Benimerines y los Nazaríes en la batalla de El Salado por Alfonso XI.
- 1348. La Peste Negra.
- 1482. Se inicia la "guerra de Granada" etapa final de la conquista del reino Nazarí. Boabdil, rey de Granada tras enfrentarse con su padre el emir Abu l-Hasan.
- 1491. Boabdil, último rey nazarí, capitula ante los Reyes Católicos y negocia la entrega de Granada.
- 1492. El 2 de enero los Reyes Católicos entran en Granada.
- 1501. Los mudéjares de Castilla han de convertirse al cristianismo o abandonar el Reino.
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History of Spain series |
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Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس) was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims from 711 to 1492.[1] It refers to the Governorate, Emirate (ca 750-929) and Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) and its "taifa" ("successor") kingdoms.
As the Iberian Peninsula was slowly regained by Christians attacking southward in the long process known as the Reconquista, the name Al-Andalus came to refer to the Muslim-dominated lands of the former Roman Hispania Baetica, Hispania Lusitania, and Hispania Tarraconensis, within an ever receding frontier. See also Andalusia and Andalusia (disambiguation)
In 1236 the Reconquista progressed to the subjugation of the last remaining Islamic stronghold, Granada, achieved by the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile. Granada was a vassal state to Castile for the next 250 years, until January 2, 1492 when Boabdil surrendered complete control of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"). The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of Algarve by Afonso III.
between 407-429; but scholars are by no means in agreement on this. It should be noted that there is no documentary evidence to confirm that the name already existed before the Muslim conquest in 711.
The Age of the Caliphs
Prior to the arrival of the Moors, the Visigothic rivals of King Roderic had gathered along with Jews and Arianist Christians fleeing forced conversions at the hands of the Catholic bishops who controlled the Visigothic monarchy. The Egyptian historian Ibn Abd-el-Hakem relates that Roderic's vassal, Julian, count of Ceuta had sent one of his daughters to the Visigothic court at Toledo for education and that Roderic had impregnated her. After learning of this, he made his way to Qayrawan (modern day Tunisia) and requested the assistance of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Muslim governor in North Africa. Personal power politics may have played a larger part, as Julian and other notable families were extremely discontented with the existing status quo in the Visigothic kingdom. In exchange for lands in Andalus, Julian promised ships to carry Ibn Nusayr's troops across the Strait of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar).
Main article: Moorish invasion of Iberia.
Under the command of Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711 . After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim occupation in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732. Modern historians argue that the Battle of Poitiers was a victory over raiders, not conquerors.]. The Iberian peninsula, except for the Kingdom of Asturias, became part of the expanding Umayyad empire, under the name of al-Andalus. The earliest attestation of this Arab name is a dinar coinAt first, al-Andalus was ruled by governors appointed by the Caliph, most ruling for periods of under three years. However, from 740, a series of civil wars between various Muslim groups in Iberia resulted in the breakdown of Caliphal control, with Yūsuf al-Fihri, who emerged as the main winner, effectively becoming an independent ruler.
In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads for control of the great Arab empire. But in 756, the exiled Umayyad prince Abd-ar-Rahman I (later titled Al-Dākhil) ousted Yūsuf al-Fihri to establish himself as the Emir of Córdoba. He refused to submit to the Abbasid caliph, as Abbasid forces had killed most of his family. Over a thirty year reign, he established a tenuous rule over much of al-Andalus, overcoming partisans of both the al-Fihri family and of the Abbasid caliph.
For the next century and a half, his descendants continued as emirs of Córdoba, with nominal control over the rest of al-Andalus. But Abd-al-Rahman III, who succeeded him in 912, not only rapidly restored Umayyad power throughout al-Andalus but extended it into western North Africa as well. In 929 he proclaimed himself Caliph,.
The Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000 at the apogee of Al-Mansur.
The Caliphate broke up into many taifa states in 1031.
The period of the Caliphate can reasonably be regarded as the golden age of al-Andalus. Crops produced using irrigation, along with food imported from from the Middle East, provided the area around Córdoba and some other Andalusī cities with an agricultural economic sector by far the most advanced in western Europe. Among European cities, Córdoba under the Caliphate, with a population of perhaps 500,000, was second only to Constantinople in size and prosperity. Within the Islamic world, Córdoba was one of the leading cultural centres. The work of its philosophers and scientists would be a formative influence on the intellectual life of medieval western Europe.
Muslims and non-Muslims often came from abroad to study in the famous libraries and universities of al-Andalus.
The Córdoba Caliphate effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013, although it was not finally abolished until 1031. Al-Andalus now broke up into a number of mostly independent states called taifas. These were however militarily too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from the Christian states based in the north and west, which had already spread from their initial strongholds in Galicia, Asturias, the Basque country and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon and the County of Barcelona..
In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI, King of Castile and León. In that year, Yusuf ibn Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the az-Zallaqah. By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He regained Valencia from the Christians.
The Almoravids were succeeded in the 12th century by the Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the defeat of the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and forced their sultan to leave Iberia. The taifas, newly independent but now weakened, were quickly conquered by Portugal, Castile and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Kingdom of Granada survived as a Muslim state, but only as a tributary of Castile..
Following the peace treaty made with King Pedro of Castile, Granada survived for nearly 150 years more as a state. Its Muslims were guaranteed virtual self-government, freedom of movement, complete religious freedom and even a three-year exemption from taxes after the surrender. After that they were to pay no more than they had under Nasrid rule. In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled the launching of the final assault on Granada, a campaign carefully planned and well financed. The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade. The Christians crushed one center of resistance after another and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish king of Gharnatah (Granada), Muhammad abu Abdallah, surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra, itself.
The society of Al-Andalus was made up of three main groups: Muslims, Christians and Jews. The Muslims, though united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the Berbers. Mozarabs were Christians that had long lived under Muslim domination and so had come to adopt many Arabic customs, art and words, while holding onto old Christian rituals and their own Latin-derived languages. Each of these communities inhabited a separate part of the cities.
Jewish Soldiers fighting with the forces of Muhammed IX, Nasrid Sultan of Granada, at the Battle of Higueruela, 1431. From a much later depiction
